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2016/2016
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6-250
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.. Ĩ, .
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caf-lesovod@mgul.ac.ru, skorotkov@mgul.ac.ru, volkov@mgul.ac.ru
(1)
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ECOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS
Obydennikov V.I., Prof., MSFU, Dr.
Sci. (Agricultural)(1); Volkov
S.N., Assoc. Prof. MSFU, Ph.
D. (Biol.)(1);
Korotkov S.A., Assoc.
Prof. MSFU, Ph. D. (Biol.)(1)
caf-lesovod@mgul.ac.ru,
skorotkov@mgul.ac.ru, volkov@mgul.ac.ru
(1) Moscow State
Forest University (MSFU) 1st. Institutskaya,
1, 141005, Mytischi, Moskow reg., Russia
The silvicultural systems related with the
biology, ecology and forest geography mostly depend on the phase of formation
of the forest types after cuttings. The final cuttings play an important role
in the forest dynamic (or cuttings of maturity and overmaturity stands under
the Forestry Code of the Russian Federation). The final cuttings impact mostly
the forest ecosystems quality. The forest types formation after final cuttings
is determined first (in one region) by the initial condition of the forest
ecosystems (that is an initial forest type) and the nature of the cutting
impact. The final cutting impact can be divided into controlled (harvesting
machines impact soil, understory trees and other forest compounds) and
uncontrolled (changed intensive insolation impact after stands cutting). The
last impact (uncontrolled) is connected with the geographical environment. The
initial forest type and the cutting impact are a cause, and the stages of
forest formation after cuttings are effects. The forest types are characterized
by their diversity. Even homonymous forest types can be markedly different by
the main criteria in different geographical regions (or native zone). Thus, the
productivity of the lichenous and sphagnous pine stands is higher for one
capacity class in temperate forest zone (Tverskay region) in comparison with
south taiga subzone (Kostroma region). Along with the initial forest types, the
cutting type formation depends of the nature of the impact of harvesting
machines to undergrowth and soil. That is the reason of the importance of
satisfying silvicultural requirements by cuttings. The suggested silvicultural
estimation criteria of the final cuttings as well as used machines which are
considered undergrowth occurrence before and after cuttings, are of interest.
The cutting types diagram connected with forest types, developed by Melikhov,
his students and followers, is the natural base for forecasting and carrying
silvicultural activities in many regions. Even homonymous cutting types do not
always have the same forest growth conditions for the reforestation in
different geographical regions. At this rate, the nature of reedgrass cutting
type in pine taiga forest is not the same in the Ciscaucasian Russia and
Siberia. The reedgrass create intensive sod formation on the cuttings area in
the European part of the country under the influence of the moderate damp
climate. The planting is widely spread there. In Siberia the same reedgrass
species are not a course of visible soil sod formation. The rigorous Siberian
climate reflects adversely on reedgrass growth and development. The pine
reforestation is successful in these ecological and geographical conditions. It
is only required to maintain the final crop pine trees there. The clearing
cuttings have their own special aspects in different geographical conditions.
For example, the intensity of the clearing cuttings is increased incrementally
from the north to the south in young stock on the Russian Plain. The clearing
cuttings are conducted in the 30-years of age in the north taiga subzone, and
15-20 in the south one.
Keywords: silvicultural system, forest
regeneration, continuous logging, felling types.
References
1. Buzykin A.I., Pshenichnikova A.S. Differentsiatsiya
mikroekologicheskikh usloviy i pochvennogo substrata lesa [Differentiation of micro ecological
conditions and forest bedding rock]. Forest ecosystems formation in conditions
of forced service. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1998. 103 109 p.
2. Kolesnikov B.P. Kedrovye lesa Dalnego Vostoka [The cedar forest of the Far East].
Writings DVF N USSR, 1956. 262 p.
3.
Lesnoy kodeks Rossiyskoy
Federatsii. Kommentarii [The
Forestry Code of the Russian Federation. The commentaries]. oscow: VNIILM, 2007. 856 p.
4. Martynov A.N. Otsenka estestvennogo
vozobnovleniya lesa [The
estimation of the natural reforestation]. Sylviculture, 1992. 4. pp.
43-49.
5. Melekhov I.S. Lesovedenie [Silviculture]. oscow: The forest industries, 1980. 407 p.
6. Melekhov I.S. Lesovodstvo [Forestry]. oscow: MSFU, 2005. 324 p.
7. Melekhov I.S., Korkonosova L.I., Chertovskoy V.G. Rukovodstvo po izucheniyu tipov
kontsentrirovannykh vyrubok [The
guidance of the concentrated cutting types studying]. oscow: Nauka, 1965. 180
p.
8. Mesarovich M., Takakhara Ya. Obshchaya teoriya sistem:
matematicheskie osnovy [The
general systems theory: mathematical background] Translation from English E.L.
Nalelbaum. oscow: Mir, 1978. 312 p.
9. Morozov G.F. Izbrannye trudy [Selectas]. Tome II. oscow:
The forest industries, 1971. 536 p.
10. Obydennikov
V.I. Geograficheskie osobennosti
posledstviy sploshnykh rubok s ispolzovaniem agregatnoy tekhniki [The geographic feature of the final cuttings consequence with the
use of multi-function logging machinery]. Forestry, 1996. 5.
pp. 20-22.
11. Obydennikov
V.I. Metodicheskiy podkhod k
lesovodstvenno-ekologicheskoy otsenke raboty lesozagotovitelnykh mashin pri
sploshnykh rubkakh [The methodological approach to the forestry ecological estimation of the
harvesting machines performance during final cuttings]. Silviculture,
2003. 3. pp. 41-45.
12. Obydennikov
V.I., Kozhukhov N.I. Tipy vyrubok i vozobnovlenie lesa [The cuttings type and reforestation].
oscow: The forest industries, 1977. 176 p.
13. Pobedinskiy
A.V. Osnovnye printsipy
organizatsii i vedeniya lesnogo khozyaystva na zakonodatelno-tipologicheskoy
osnove [The main principals
of the forest managements on the law and topologic basis]. Silviculture, 1981.
3. pp. 3-8.
14. Pobedinskiy
A.V. Sistema vedeniya lesnogo
khozyaystva na zonalno-tipologicheskoy osnove [The system of the forest managements
on the law and topologic basis]. Silviculture Forestry. Survey information.
oscow: TsBN TI Gosleshoz USSR, 1983. 7. 36 p.
15. Pobedinskiy
A.V., Lazarev Yu.A., Khanbekov R.I., Orlov A.Ya., Abaturov Yu.D., Rekomendatsii po vydeleniyu
korennykh i proizvodnykh grupp tipov lesa lesnoy zony evropeyskoy chasti RSFSR [The recommendations for identifying
native and derived groups of forest types in the European part of the Russian
SFSR]. oscow: VNIILM, 1982. 40 p.
16. Pravila
zagotovki drevesiny [The
harvesting regulation]. Ratified by the Federal Agency for Forestry Affairs
order from 01.08.2011. 337.
17. Sukachev
V.N. Izbrannye trudy. Osnovy lesnoy
tipologii i biogeotsenologii [Selectas. The forest
typology a biogeocenology basis]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. 418
p.
18. Tikhonov,
A.S., Zyabchenko S.S. Teoriya
i praktika rubok lesa [The
theory and practice of forest cutting]. Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1990. 224 p.
.. , .
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kalash0407@mail.ru
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(2)
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1970. 168 .
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5. ,
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, .. // . 1975. 10 . 5862.
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. . 14.
1968. . 13.
ENVIRONMENTAL
BACKGROUND OF FOREST PLANTATION
SUCCESSFUL GROWTH IN SEMI-DESERT SAND LANDS
AND STEPPE SAND SHELLY LANDS
Rodin S.A., Prof., VNIILM, Dr.
Sci. (Agricultural), (1); Kalashnikova E.A., Prof. RGAU Timirjazev MSHA, Dr. Sci.
(Biological) (2)
kalash0407@mail.ru
(1) Russian Research
Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry (VNIILM), 141202,
Pushkino, Institutskaya str. 15
(2) Russian State
Agrarian UniversityTimirjazev MSHA, 127550, Moscow, Timirjazev str. 49
The reasons of forest plantation
successful growth in semi-desert and dry steppe sand and shelly sand lands are
under review. Top 10-15 cm layer in sand lands is dried up severely and is not
penetrated with roots. Plant self-regulation aimed at species conservation that
goes on lower conditions big growth of small roots that during the first years
provide pine plantation with water due to atmospheric precipitation. After the
successful establishment of the first stage pine growth takes place when tap
and anchor roots reach ground water level as the result of geotropism and
chemopropism. Sand shelly lands around the Azov sea are characterized with low
fertility, high porosity, lack of water in plough layer where amount of
capillary uptake of ground water is under 50 cm and are a special forest
plantation fund. First 5-10 years forest plantations grow slowly due to the
lack of water in plough layer. Plantation growth builds-up as tap and anchor
roots reach top 5 cm horizon of fresh ground waters.
Keywords: Micro-hydration,
self-regulation, tap and anchor roots, small roots, chemotropism, geotropism,
fertility, fresh water, ground waater.
References
1. Kolesov A. Priroda peskov i ikh oblesenie [Nature sand and afforestation].
Kharkov, tipografiya gubernskogo pravleniya [Kharkiv, printing house of the
provincial government], 1900. 129 p.
2. Maksimenko A.P., Oblesenie peschano-rakushechnykh
pochv Vostochnogo Priazovya [Afforestation
of sand and shelly soil Eastern Azov]. Krasnodar: Kuban. 2002. 287 p.
3. Mironov V.V. Oblesenie peskov Yugo-vostoka [Afforestation sands of
South-east]. Moscow: Lesnaya promyshlennost [Forestry], 1970. 168 p.
4. Rakhteenko N.N. Rost i vzaimodeystvie kornevykh
sistem drevesnykh rasteniy [The
growth and the interaction of the root systems of woody plants]. Minsk, 1963.
254 p.
5. Repshas E.A., Rodin A.R. Rost i produktivnost kultur sosny
na peskakh kosy Kurshyu-Nyariya [Growth
and productivity of cultures of a pine on a sand spit Kursiu Nyariya]. Lesnoe
khozyaystvo [Forestry]. 1975. 10. pp. 58-62.
6. Rodin A.R. Oblesenie peschanykh pochv v
Vengrii [Afforestation sandy
soils in Hungary]. Lesokhozyaystvennaya informatsiya, referativnyy zhurnal
[Forestry information, refereed journal]. 14. Moscow: TsBNTIleskhoz, 1968.
pp. 13.
.. , .
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zalesov@usfeu.ru
(1)
,
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(2)
( )
(3)
-
-
(- . ,
). 132 ,
118 , 59 26 .
: , , ,
, . 14-
,
23, 29, 30,
11 27 .
:
(Larix sibirica Ledeb),
() (Larix Gmelinii Rupr.), (Pinus
sylvestris L.) (P. Sylvestris f. Fastigiata L.)
(P. Sylvestris Globosa viridis L.), (Janiperus
sabina L.), (Betula pendula Roth.), (Populus
alba L.), () (Salix caprea L.),
() (Ulmus pumila L.), (Ulmus
laevis Pall.), () (Malus Pallasiona Juz.),
(Sorbus aucuparia L.) ( . . ),
(Crataegus Arnoldii), ()
(Padus avium Mill.) ( . . ),
( ) (Caragana arborescens Lam.), (Acer
negundo L.), (Lomicera tatarica L.),
(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.), (Cotoneaster
lucidus Sohlecht.), (Nitraria Scoberi L.).
- . .
: , , , , , ,
, , .
1. ,
.. .
/ .. , .. , .. , . //
.
: - , 2013. . 157160.
2. ,
.. : . / .. . :
, 2004. 96 .
3. ,
.. . /
.. ,
.. , .. // -
2020: VII . .-.
. : . . . -, 2009. . 2. .
272275.
4. ,
..
/ .. , .. , .. //
. 2011. 4(83). . 5658.
5. ,
.. . / .. , .. , ..
. .: - , 1966. 637 .
6. ,
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: , . .. , 2009. 182 .
7. ,
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: , 2002. 224 .
8. ,
.. . // .. . :
, 2010. 971 .
EXPERIENCE
OF TREE AND SHRUB PLANTS INTRODUCTION IN FOREST NURSERY AK KAYIN
Zalesov S.V., Prof. Ural state
forest engineering universit, Dr. Sci. (Agriculture)(1); Razhanov M.P., vice-general director Zhasyl Imak, (2); Dancheva A.V., Kazakh scientific research
institute of forestry and agrosilviculture, Ph. D. (Agricultural)(3); Opletaev A.S., Assoc. Prof. Ural state forest
engineering universit, Ph. D. (Agricultural) (1)
zalesov@usfeu.ru,
zhasyl-aimak@mail.ru,
(1) Ural state forest
engineering universit, Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620030, Ekaterinburg, Sibirsky
Tract, 37),
(2) Zhasyl Imak,
Kazakhstan, 010000 Astana, set. Prigorodnay, Shkolnaya st., 1a,
(3) Kazakh scientific
research institute of forestry and agrosilviculture
The article deads with the results of tree
and shrub introducents perspectiveness in the forest nursery Ak Kayin
(sanitary-protective zone, Astana, Northern Kazakhstan) 132 introducent taxons
representing plants of 118 species, 59 kinds, 26 families have been tested. As conservation
and successfulness of integral estimation are concerned all the taxons have
been divided into 6 groups: the most perspective, perspective, less
perspective, low perspective, non-perspective and useless. As a result of
14-year investigations of introduction usefulness it has been established that
23 taxons constitute the most perspective group, 29 the perspective group, 30
the less perspective, 11 the low perspective and 27 the useless group. To
improve landscape gardening and forestation effectiveness it is recommended,
first of all, to use the following taxons: Larix
sibirica Ledeb, Larix
Gmelinii Rupr., Pinus
sylvestris L. including the
pyramidal (P. Sylvestris f. Fastigiata L.)
and globe-shaped ones (P. Sylvestris Globosa viridis L., Janiperus
sabina L., Betula pendula Roth., Populus alba L., Salix caprea L., Ulmus pumila L., Ulmus
laevis Pall., Malus
Pallasiona Juz., Sorbus
aucuparia L., Crataegus Arnoldii, Padus avium Mill., Caragana arborescens Lam., Acer negundo L., Lomicera
tatarica L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Cotoneaster
lucidus Sohlecht., Nitraria
Scoberi L. The results of
introducents perspectiveness investigation proper using will make possible to
avoid mistakes when choosing assortment for landscape gardening and forestation
in Astana sanitary-protective zone and in Northern Kazakhstan.
Keywords: introduction, forest nursery,
kind, family, perspectiveness, conservations, artificial stands, arid steppe.
References
1. Azbaev B.O., Dancheva A.V., Rakhimzhanov
A.N., Razhanov M.R., Suyundikov Zh.O. Effektivnost
vyrashchivaniya iskusstvennykh nasazhdeniy v zelenoy zone g. Astany [The effectiveness of the cultivation
of artificial plantations in the green zone of Astana]. The current state and
prospects for conservation and protection of forests in the system of
sustainable development. Gomel: Institute of Forest of NAS of Belarus, 2013.
pp. 157-160.
2. Kupriyanov, A.N. Introduktsiya rasteniy [Plant Introduction]. Kemerovo:
Kuzbasvuzizdat, 2004. 96 p.
3. Gusev A.V., Zalesov S.V., Sarsekova
D.N. Metodika opredeleniya
perspektivnosti introduktsii drevesnykh rasteniy [Method for determining the prospects
of introduction of woody plants]. Socio-economic and environmental problems of
forest complex within the concept of 2020: Proceedings of the VII Intern.
scientific. Ekaterinburg: Ural state forest engineering universit, 2009. V. 2.
pp. 272-275.
4. Zalesov S.V., Platonov E.P., Gusev
A.V. Perspektivnost
drevesnykh introdutsentov dlya ozeleneniya v usloviyakh sredney podzony taygi
Zapadnoy Sibiri [The promise
of exotic species of wood for landscaping in a middle taiga subzone of West
Siberia]. gricultural Gazette Urals, 2011. 4. (83). pp. 56-58.
5. Borodina N.A., Nekrasov V.I.,
Nekrasova N.S., Petrova I.P., Plotnikova L.S., Smirnova N.G. Derevya i kustarniki SSSR [Trees and shrubs of the USSR].
Moscow: Mysl, 1966. 637 p.
6. Alekseev V.A., Svyazeva O.A. Drevesnye rasteniya lesov Rossii [Woody plants forest Russia].
Krasnoyarsk: Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest V.N. Sukachev, 2009.
182 p.
7. Petrov A.P., Dorozhkin E.M. Dendrologicheskiy atlas [Dendrological Atlas]. Ekaterinburg:
UI PKKLK, 2002. 224 p.
8. Kulikov P.V. Opredelitel sosudistykh rasteniy
Chelyabinskoy oblasti [The
vascular plants of the Chelyabinsk region]. Ekaterinburg, Ural Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. 971 p.
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rudkov.o@yandex.ru,
borisraevsky@gmail.com, mariamed@krc.karelia.ru, ialexa33@yandex.ru
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Empetrum hermaphroditum Ledum palustre,
Linnaea borealis, Melampyrum pratense Vaccinium
myrtillus, .
: , , α-,
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1. Vasari, Y. Finnish botanical studies
within the Paanajärvi National Park before 1944 / Y. Vasari // Oulanka
Reports. 1998. T. 19. P. 5-9.
2. ,
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// . . 2008. . 12. . 4563.
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, 1991. 58 .
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