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svyrodova@mail.ru (1) -
- , 194021, -, .,
. 21
,
XIX .
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19851986. .1. . 64 .; .2.
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(
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- - . 2014. 2. . 8093.
SUBSTANTIATION
AND WAYS OF REVIVING FOREST HYDROMELIORATION IN RUSSIA
Konstantinov
V.K., Prof.,
Chief Researcher of St. Petersburg Research Institute of Forestry, Dr. Sci.
(Agricultural)(1)
svyrodova@mail.ru (1) St. Petersburg Research
Institute of Forestry, Institute St., 21, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
The history of forest drainage works and
research on this problem in Russia is outlined leading back to the last quarter
of the 19th century.
The work was carried out both by the state and by individuals. The total number
of drained hectares in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and the Baltic States accounts
for more than 5 million hectares of forests of III-Va quality class and
treeless peat bogs until 1992. Four million hectares have been reclaimed in
19561991. A large silvicultural and economic effect has been obtained. The
question is raised of maintaining the drained forests, increasing their
productivity and renewing forest drainage works. Recommendations are given for
the reconstruction of forest drainage systems.
The importance and priority of the
drainage effect on improving the performance and productivity of forests has
been shown. After its revival on an improved scientific basis melioration may
take a leading position in a number of economic activities.
At present, the forest science is facing a
number of important tasks. We must save the most valuable forests, which are
now subjected to secondary waterlogging on the reclaimed land. We should
proceed to the reconstruction of isosurfacing networks that do not provide for
optimal growth of the forest water regime. Reconstructed hydrating systems
(drained land and hydrotechnical constructions) must meet all requirements for
conducting proper forestry. The planned reclamation works have to be paid back
over a shorter period of time. We believe that a part of the funds for this can
be obtained through early felling of drained planting with reserves that excess
stocks of mature stands in rich forest conditions with drained soils.
Keywords: history of drainage works in
bogs and forests, design, volumes, silvicultural effect, recommendations for
revival, goals and objectives of reconstruction of forest drainage systems.
References
1.
Sherstoboev I.Ya. K
istorii otechestvennoy gidrotechniki melioratsii v nashey strane [The history of domestic hydraulic
engineering and land reclamation in our country], Gidrotechnika I melioratsiya
[Hydraulic Engineering and Reclamation]. 1951, no. 9. pp. 67-69; 1954, no. 4.,
p. 52-62; 1957, no. 7, pp. 48-59; 1960. no. 10, pp. 5459.
2.
Konstantinov V.K. Oshushenie
lesov v Rossii [Drainage of
forests in Russia]. Lesnoe khozyaystvo. 1994, no 1, pp. 3638.
3. Isachenko G.A. Okno v Evropu. Istoriya I
landshafty [Window to Europe:
history and landscapes]. SPb: SPbGU, 1998, pp 476 p.
4.
Babikov B.V. Oshushenie
lesnykh zemel v Lisinskom ukhebno-opytnom leschoze [Drainage of forest land in Lisino training
and experimental forestry]. 200 let lesnomu ukhebnomu i opytnomu delu v
Lisinskom ukhebno-opytnom leschoze [200 years of forestry training and
development business in Lisino training and experimental forestry]. SPb: SPbLTA, 1997, pp. 214-229.
5. Dubakh
A.D., Sparro R.P. Oshushenie
bolot otkrytymi kanalami [Draining
swamps open channels]. oscow: 1912, 352 p. oscow, 1918, 372 p.; oscow-Lenonhrad: Gosizdat, 1926,
368 p.; 1929, 423 p.; 1930, 343 p.
6.
Dubakh A.D. Gidrotekhnicheskie
melioratsii lesnykh zemel [Hydraulic
reclamation of forest land]. oscow: Goslestechizdat, 1945, 345
p.
7.
Dubakh A.D., Elpatyevskiy M.P. Lesoosushitelnaya
melioratsiay [Forest drainage
reclamation]. oscow-Leningrad: Goslesbumizdat,
1949, 79 p.
8.
Technikhicheskie ukasaniaya po osusheniyu lesnych ploshshadey [Technical
Guidelines for the drainage of forest land]. Moscow: Lesnaya promyshlennost,
1971, 216 p.
9.
Ivanov Yu.N., Ushakov B.A., Zyukov Yu.P., Sabo E.D. Rukovodstvo po oshusheniuy lesnykh
zemel [Guidelines for the
drainage of forest land]. oscow: Gosleschoz SSSR, 1985-1986.
Ch. 1. Izyskaniay, 64 p.; Ch. 2. Proektirovanie, 99 p.; Ch. 3. Prilozheniay, 115 p.
10.
Konstantinov V.K. Gidrolesomelioratsiay
osushenie i lesochozaystvennoe osvoenie pereuvlazhnennych zemel lesnogo
fonda [Reclamation draining
waterlogged and forestry development of forest lands (the history of research
in SPbNIILH)] Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskogo nauchno-issledovatelyskogo instituta
lesnogo khozyaystva. 2014, no. 2. pp. 8093.
631.6
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pakhutchy@rambler.ru, pakhutchaya@rambler.ru, d-shevelev@agiks.ru (1) ()
. .. 167982 , -1, . , 39,
- .
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1976 .
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, . . NDVI
. NDVI
, ,
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, NDVI
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( , , )
NDVI
.
: , ,
1. , ..
/ .. , .. , .. // ArcReview. 2005.
3. . 11.
2.
/ .. // . -
-
2013 . : ,
2014. . 283286.
3. , ..
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. 1990. 4. .
147149.
4. , ..
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. 1996. 2. .
8590.
5. , ..
(
) / .. // (Geomatics). 2009.
3(4). . 6675.
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-
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1. 1987. . 1315.
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. 1. 1991. .
118120.
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30-
// . 2008. 3 (60). . 9498.
9. , ..
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156 .
10. / .. , ..
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(. . ). ., 2000. . 331368.
USING
VEGETATIVE INDEXES FOR THE FOREST DRAINAGE RESEARCH
Pakhuchiy
V.V., Prof.
SPbFTU, Dr. Sci. (Agriculture) (1); Pakhuchaya L.M., Assos. Prof. SPbFTU (1); Shevelev D.A., pg. SPbFTU (1)
pakhutchy@rambler.ru,
pakhutchaya@rambler.ru, d-shevelev@agiks.ru (1) Syktyvkar Forest Institute
(branch) of Saint-Petersburg Forest Technical University of S.M. Kirov, 167982
Syktyvkar, GSP-1, Lenina street, 39
The methods of remote boring are
increasingly used in silvicultural, ecological and forest inventory studies.
The results of the research in the stands on the objects of forest drainage in
the Kortkerossky forest area of the Komi Republic, the construction of a
drainage network on which was made in 1976, are given. The possibility of
application of the data on remote boring and geoinformation technologies at an
assessment of drainage influence on the growth of the stands is considered. It
is recommended to use various objects (in area and form) for the research:
sample plots, forest massifs in compartments (polygons) and narrow transects.
It is offered to use vegetative indexes, including NDVI the normalized
differential index of vegetation widely, during forest drainage research. The
calculation of NDVI is made using two most stable regions of the spectral curve
of the reflection of the plants, and thus high photosynthetic activity,
associated with more productive plant communities, leads to a less reflection
in the red region of the spectrum and a larger reflection in the infrared
region of the spectrum. It has been found that the tightness of the link
between NDVI and the removal of plots or transects from canals or degree of
sewage within the boundaries of the forest compartment is higher when using
sample plots and transects and lower for the samples of polygons. Regardless of
the type of experimental objects (plots, transects, polygons) in the middle
taiga subzone of the Komi Republic on the sites of forest in the watershed
areas, the NDVI is greater at the sites with a greater degree of sanitation and
near drainage channels.
Keywords: the Komi Republic, forest
drainage, vegetative indexes, NDVI.
References
1.
Serov A.V. Popova O.I. Pakhuchiy V.V. Opyt
opredeleniya sostava nasazhdeniy [Experience
determine the composition of stands] ArcReview. 2005, 3, p. 11.
2.
Shevelev D.A. Issledovanie
vliyaniya osusheniya na rost sosny s ispolzovaniem GIS i DDZ [Investigation of the effect of
drainage on the growth of pine using GIS and remote sensing] Sb. materialov
nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii professorsko-prepodavatelskogo sostava
Syktyvkarskogo lesnogo instituta po itogam NIR v 2013 g. [Coll. Proceedings of
the Conference of the faculty of Syktyvkar Forest Institute on the results of
research in 2013]. Syktyvkar: Syktyvkar forest institute, 2014, pp. 283-286.
3.
Pakhuchiy V.V. Sozin S.A. Urnyshev A.P. Gidrolesomeliorativnoe
rayonirovanie Komi ASSR [Forest
drainage zoning of the Komi ASSR] Geografiya i prirodnye resursy [Geography and
natural resources]. 1990, 4, pp. 147-149.
4.
Pakhuchiy V.V. Gidrolesomeliorativnoe
rayonirovanie Severa Evropeyskoy chasti Rossii [Forest drainage zoning of the North
European part of Russia] Geografiya i prirodnye resursy [Geography and natural
resources]. 1996, 2, pp.85-90.
5.
Cherepanov A.S. Tekhnologiya
vyyavleniya medlennykh izmeneniy v lesakh po multispektralnym kosmicheskim
snimkam (na primere vymokaniya lesov) [Technology
detect slow changes in the forests on multispectral satellite images (as example
of waterlogging forests)] Geomatika [Geomatics]. 2009, 3(4), pp. 66-75.
6.
Pakhuchiy V.V. Vliyanie
zolnosti torfa i glubiny pochvenno-gruntovykh vod na rost sosnovykh drevostoev
na osushennykh melkozalezhnykh torfyanikakh [Effect of peat ash content and depth
of groundwater on the growth of pine stands on drained shallow peatlands] Izv.
vuzov Lesnoy zhurnal [News of HEINs Forest magazine]. 1987, 1, pp.
13-15.
7.
Pakhuchiy V.V. Optimizatsiya
parametrov osushitelnykh sistem na slabootorfovannykh lesnykh zemlyakh [Optimization of parameters of
drainage systems on the shallow peat forest lands] Izv. vuzov Lesnoy zhurnal
[News of HEINS Forest magazine]. 1991, 1, pp. 118-120.
8.
Chindyaev A.S. Transformatsiya
torfyanoy zalezhi i drevesnogo yarusa elovykh biogeotsenozov pod vliyaniem 30-letnego perioda osusheniya [Transformation of peat deposits and
spruce tree layer of biogeocenosis under the influence of a 30-year period of
drainage] Moscow state forest university bulletin Lesnoy vestnik. 2008, 3
(60), pp. 94-98.
9.
Bobkova K.S. Biologicheskaya
produktivnost khvoynykh lesov Evropeyskogo Severo-Vostoka [Biological productivity of coniferous
forests of the European North-East]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1987. 156 p.
10.
Bobkova K.S. Perchatkin P.A. Svoykin V.F. Drevesnye resursy. Lesnoe khozyaystvo i lesnye resursy
Respubliki Komi [Wood
resources / Forestry and forest resources of the Komi Republic]. Dizayn.
Informatsiya. Kartografiya [Design. Information. Kartografiya]. Moscow: 2000,
pp. 331-368.
626.8
..
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(1)
olga@parkrest.ru (1) , 105082, .
, ., . 82 . 1
-
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,
. XVIIXIX .
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2009 .
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, 2012 . ..
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. . 8 (24). .: , 2001. . 290299.
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. . 6. .: - . .
. 2010. . 5869.
3. , .. .
/ .. , .. . .: , 1988. 418 .
4. , .. //
: XVIIXVIII .
. . 5. ., 1929. . 4447.
5. , ..
: . . .
/ .. , .. , .. . .:
, 2006. 352 .
6. , ..
: . . . /
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, 2008. 336 .
7. , ..
/ .. , ..
, . // . 2010. 7. . 9899.
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.. . // . . 10 (26). ., 2004. . 6467.
9. , ..
/ .. . .: , 1963. 342 .
10. , ..
XVIII . (): . .
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- .: , 1969. 143 .
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XVII XVIII . ( . ,
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XVI-XIX . / .. , .. .
.: , 1979. 398 c.
FEATURES
OF THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF WATER FEATURES IN THE WORKS OF GARDEN ART AND LANDSCAPE
CULTURE
Drobnich O.A., Park
restoration(1)
olga@parkrest.ru (1) Park restoration, 105082,
Moscow, Bakuninskaya str., 82, 1
Restoration and
preservation of the cultural heritage in the field of landscape restoration and
protection of cultural heritage, of garden art and landscape architecture is an
important and challenging engineering task. The solution to this problem is
largely due to hydro-technical researches and works, as most historical objects
of them are composed include certain water facilities. It is hard to imagine a
Russian estate of the 17-19th centuries with no water reservoir on its
territory. Often ponds had a dominant role in the organization of the territory
and landscape arrangement of the estate. It should be noted that when carrying
out restoration one needs to treat the restored object carefully. On small
objects it is desirable to use historical technologies, manual labor. When it
occurs that there is a need to restore lost elements the solution of the
problem must be treated individually, conducting historical and cultural
research, including field observations, selection of archival, iconographic
materials, sufficient to justify the recovery of lost items. If such data are
insufficient, recovery is possible with the involvement and analysis of
analogues. The article contains a detailed analysis of the restoration works of
various hydraulic structures of the objects of garden art and landscape
culture, conducted with the participation and under the supervision of the
author. Special attention is paid to the description of works on restoration of
the estate Kuskovo and Lefortovo. The invaluable contribution of Professor
Eugene Gulevich Sabo clogs in the implementation of these works is highlighted.
In 2009 under the guidance of E.G. Sabo a number of eco-engineering and
hydrological surveys was made in Kuskovo for the purpose of preparing a
conceptual design of the water recovery system of the estate at the peak of its
development, taking into account the historical and archival materials, with
minor changes, due to the current state of territory of the object of cultural
heritage. Restoration works in Kuskovo were conducted later in 2012. Under the
leadership of E. D. Sabo it was identified that there was a flooding of the
retaining wall of the dam of the Lower pond, a study of lost or highly
distorted elements of the Dam has been made.
Keywords: Water object, hydrotechnical
melioration, waterworks, drainage, restoration, cultural heritage preservation,
landscape architecture, landscape construction.
Referens
1.
Veksler A.G., Pirogov V.Yu. Arkheologicheskie
issledovaniya v Lefortovskom parke [Archaeological
research in Lefortovo Park]. Russkaya usadba [Russian estate. The collection
OIRU], no 8 (24), Moscow: Zhiraf, 2001, pp. 290-299.
2.
Veksler A.G., Pirogov V.Yu. Arkheologicheskie
issledovaniya v Lefortovskom parke [Archaeological
research in Lefortovo Park]. Kadashevskie chteniya. Sbornik dokladov
konferentsii [Kadashevskaya reading. The conference proceedings], no 6, Moscow:
Kadashevskaya Sloboda, 2010, pp. 5869.
3.
Vergunov A.G., Gorokhov V.A. Russkie
sady i parki. Akademiya nauk SSSR [Russian
parks and gardens. Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, 418
p.
4.
Kruglyy A.A. Prudy
Lefortovskogo parka [The
Lefortovo Park ponds]. Staraya
Moskva: Stati po istorii Moskvy v XVII-XVIII vv. V. 1. Trudy
obshchestva izucheniya Moskovskoy oblasti. [Proceedings of the society for the
study of the Moscow region], no 5, Moscow, 1929, pp 4447.
5.
Teodoronskiy V.S., Sabo E.D., Frolova V.A. Stroitelstvo i ekspluatatsiya
obektov landshaftnoy arkhitektury [The
construction and operation of objects of landscape architecture: a textbook for
students. higher education institutions]. Moscow: Akademiya, 2006, 352 p.
6.
Sabo E.D., Teodoronskiy V.S., Zolotarevskiy A.A. Gidrotekhnicheskie melioratsii
obektov landshaftnogo stroitelstva [Hydrotechnical
melioration objects landscape construction: a textbook for students of higher
educational institutions]. Moscow: Akademiya, 2008, 336 p.
7.
Kormilitsyna O.V., Bondarenko V.V., Koolen D. Sovremennye metody otsenki
sostoyaniya pochv i gruntov urbanizirovannykh territoriy [Modern methods of assessing the state
of soils of urbanized territories]. Moscow state forest university bulletin
Lesnoy vestnik. 2010, no. 7, pp. 9899.
8.
Volshanik V.V., Dmitrievna O.S., Kulikov M.V. i dr. Vodnaya sistema russkoy usadby kak
chast istoriko-kulturnogo landshafta [The
water system of the Russian country estate as part of the historical and
cultural landscape]. Russkaya usadba [Russian manor], no 10 (26), Moscow,
2004, pp. 6467.
9.
Dubyago T.V. Russkie
regulyarnye sady i parki [Russian
regular gardens and parks]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1963, 342 p.
10.
Evangulova O.S. Razvitie
dvortsovykh ansambley Moskvy v pervoy polovine XVIII veka (Lefortovo): diss.
...kand. iskusstvovedeniya [The
development of the palaces of Moscow in the first half of the eighteenth
century (Lefortovo): Thesis of candidate of arts]. Moscow: MGU, 1963, 16 p.
11.
Evangulova O.S. Arkhitekturnyy
ansambl Lefortovo v petrovskuyu epokhu [The
architectural ensemble of the Lefortovo in the Petrine era]. Collection of
scientific works of the works of graduate students of Historical faculty of
Moscow state University. Moscow: MGU, 1969, 143 p.
12.
Palentreer S.N. Priemy
kompozitsii podmoskovnykh parkov XVII i XVIII vv. (Po materialam
Arkhiva drevnikh aktov, dopolnennym materialami Voenno-istoricheskogo arkhiva i
obmerami s natury). Diss.
... kand. iskusstvovedeniya[Techniques of composition suburban parks
XVII and XVIII centuries (On materials of the state archive of ancient
documents, supplemented by materials from the Military historical archive and
the measurements from nature). Thesis of candidate of arts]. Moscow, 1945, 18
p.
13.
Turchin V.S., Sheredega V.I. V
okrestnostyakh Moskvy. Iz istorii russkoy usadebnoy kultury 16-19 vv. [In the vicinity of Moscow. From the
history of Russian estate culture XVIXIX centuries]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1979, 398 p.
631.67
..
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(1),
caf-soil@mgul.ac.ru (1)
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