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БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

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СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ЛЕСОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА САХАЛИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

5–17

УДК 334.021:630

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-5-17

Шифр ВАК 4.1.6

В.В. Саханов¹, С.А. Коротков^{2, 3}, А.А. Фитчин⁴, Л.В. Стоноженко⁵, А.Д. Попова⁶

¹АО «Государственный научный центр лесопромышленного комплекса (АО «ГНЦ ЛПК»), Россия, 105120, г. Москва, ул. Нижняя Сыромятническая, д. 5, стр. 3А

²ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследо- вательский университет), Мытищинский филиал, Россия, 141005, Московская обл., г. Мытищи, ул. 1-я Институтская, д. 1

³ГБУН «Институт лесоведения РАН» (ИЛАН РАН), Россия, 143030, Московская обл., Одинцовский р-н, с. Успенское, ул. Советская, д. 21

⁴ФГБУ «Рослесинфорг», Россия, 109316, Москва, Волгоградский пр-т, д. 45, стр. 1

⁵ФАУ ДПО «Всероссийский институт повышения квалификации руководящих работников и специалистов лесного хозяйства», Россия, 141202, Московская обл., г. Пушкино, ул. Институтская, д. 17

⁶ФБУ «Авиалесоохрана», Россия, 141207, Московская обл., г. Пушкино, ул. Горького, д. 20

skorotkov-71@mail.ru

Приведен анализ динамики показателей лесопромышленного комплекса Сахалинской обл. и основных факторов, влияющих на показатели эффективности лесопользования. Выявлены основные системные проблемы, сдерживающие его поступательное развитие, в числе которых низкий уровень освоения расчетной лесосеки, недостаток экономически и транспортно доступных лесных ресурсов, несовершенство структуры производства и экспорта лесопродукции, сложное финансовое положение предприятий отрасли, недостаточность кадрового обеспечения. Рассмотрены в динамике основные показатели работы лесопромышленного комплекса и причины их постоянного снижения. Даны рекомендации по динамическому развитию лесопромышленного комплекса Сахалинской обл.

Ключевые слова: лесопользование, лесные ресурсы, лесопромышленный комплекс, системные проблемы, перспективы развития

Ссылка для цитирования: Саханов В.В., Коротков С.А., Фитчин А.А., Стоноженко Л.В., Попова А.Д. Современное состояние лесопромышленного комплекса Сахалинской области и перспективы его развития // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 5–17. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-5-17

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Сведения об авторах

Саханов Виктор Владимирович — канд. экон. наук, зам. генерального директора по спецпроектам АО Государственный научный центр лесопромышленого комплекса (АО «ГНЦ ЛПК»), sakhanov@rambler.ru

Коротков Сергей Александрович — канд. биол. наук, доцент МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), ФГБУН «Институт лесоведения РАН» (ИЛАН РАН), skorotkov-71@mail.ru

Фитчин Андрей Александрович — зам. начальника отдела аналитической обработки информации ФГБУ «Рослесинфорг», fitchin.gizelking@yandex.ru

Стоноженко Леонид Валерьевич — канд. с.-х. наук, зав. кафедрой лесоучетных работ, использования лесов и экологии ФАУ ДПО «Всероссийский институт повышения квалификации руководящих работников и специалистов лесного хозяйства», stonozhenko@mgul.ac.ru

Попова Акмарал Дулатовна — гл. специалист ФБУ «Авиалесоохрана», aigenova@aviales.ru

INDUSTRY CURRENT STATE IN SAKHALIN REGION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

V.V. Sakhanov¹, S. A. Korotkov^{2, 3}, A.A. Fitchin⁴, L.V. Stonozhenko⁵, A.D. Popova⁶

¹SSC LPC, buil. 3A, 5, Nizhnyaya Syromyatnicheskaya st., 105120, Moscow, Russia

²BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), 1, 1st Institutskaya st., 141005, Mytishchi, Moscow reg., Russia

³Institute of Forest Science RAS, 21, Sovetskaya st., village Uspenskoe, Odintsovo district, 143030, Moscow reg., Russia

⁴Roslesinforg, buil. 1, 45, Volgogradskiy av., 109316, Moscow, Russia

⁵VIPKLH, 17, Institutskaya st., 141202, Pushkino, Moscow reg., Russia

⁶Avialesookhrana, 20, Gorky st., 141207, Pushkino, Moscow reg., Russia

skorotkov-71@mail.ru

The article provides an analysis of the dynamics of the Sakhalin Region’s timber industry indicators and the main factors influencing the indicators of forest management efficiency are presented. The main systemic problems that hinder the progressive development of the timber industry sector in the Sakhalin Region are revealed, including the low level of development of the estimated logging area, the lack of economical and transportable forest resources, the imperfect structure of production and export of forest products, the difficult financial situation of the industry's enterprises, and the insufficient staffing. The main performance indicators of the region's timber industry complex and the reasons for their constant decline are considered in dynamics. Recommendations on the dynamic development of the timber industry of the Sakhalin region are given.

Keywords: forest management, forest resources, timber industry complex, systemic problems, development prospects

Suggested citation: Sakhanov V.V., Korotkov S.A., Fitchin A.A., Stonozhenko L.V., Popova A.D. Sovremennoe sostoyanie lesopromyshlennogo kompleksa Sakhalinskoy oblasti i perspektivy ego razvitiya [Industry current state in Sakhalin region and its development prospects]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 5–17. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-5-17

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Authors’ information

Sakhanov Viktor Vladimirovich — Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Deputy General Director for Special Projects of SSC LPC, buil. 3a, 5, Nizhnyaya Syromyatnicheskaya st., 105120, Moscow, Russia, sakhanov@rambler.ru

Korotkov Sergey Aleksandrovich — Cand. Sci. (Biology), BMSTU (Mytishchi ranch), Institute of Forest Science RAS, skorotkov-71@mail.ru

Fitchin Andrey Aleksandrovich — Deputy Head of the Department of analytical Information Processing of Roslesinforg, fitchin.gizelking@yandex.ru

Stonozhenko Leonid Valer’evich — Cand. Sci. (Agricultural), Head of the Department of forest accounting, Forest Use and Ecology, VIPKLH, stonozhenko@mgul.ac.ru

Popova Akmaral Dulatovna — Chief specialist of Avialesookhrana, aigenova@aviales.ru

2

СТРУКТУРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛЕСНЫХ ФИТОЦЕНОЗОВ ФОРМИРУЮЩИХСЯ НА СКАЛЬНИКАХ ПОСЛЕ ПОЖАРА

18–25

УДК 630.182 : 630.182 : 630.43 : 614. 841

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-18-25

Шифр ВАК 4.1.6

А.В. Грязькин¹, О.И. Гаврилова², Тун Чэн¹, Е.А. Семенова¹

¹ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет имени С.М. Кирова», Россия, 194021,

г. Санкт-Петербург, Институтский пер, д. 5, литера У

²ФГБОУ ВО «Петрозаводский государственный университет», Россия, 185096, г. Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия, пр. Ленина, д. 33

lesovod@bk.ru

Установлено, что в зависимости от лесообразующей породы и условий произрастания, восстановление лесной экосистемы на гари растягивается на длительный период. Выявлено замедленное накопление органического вещества на скальниках, с чем и связано затянутое во времени развитие всех компонентов леса. Показано, что спустя 15 лет после пожара, на месте сгоревшего сосняка сформировались молодняки с преобладанием сосны березы и осины. Охарактеризована структура вновь сформированного фитоценоза, в котором общая численность древесных пород достигает 4,5 тыс. экз./га. Указано на преобладание подроста высотой более 2 м. Зафиксировано наличие в составе подчиненного яруса фитоценоза кустарниковых пород — рябины обыкновенной, ивы козьей, можжевельника обыкновенного, жимолости лесной и ирги круглолистной. Охарактеризован состав живого напочвенного покрова. Указано, что из 21 вида растений, встречаемость более 50 % имеют лишайники, вереск обыкновенный, политрихум можжевеловый, ожика волосистая, иван-чай и луговик извилистый.

Ключевые слова: гарь, постпирогенные сукцессии, компоненты леса, подрост, подлесок, живой напочвенный покров

Ссылка для цитирования: Грязькин А.В., Гаврилова О.И., Чэн Тун, Семенова Е.А. Структурные особенности лесных фитоценозов формирующихся на скальниках после пожара // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 18–25. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-18-25

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Сведения об авторах

Грязькин Анатолий Васильевич — д-р биол. наук, профессор кафедры лесоводства ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет имени С.М. Кирова», lesovod@bk.ru

Гаврилова Ольга Ивановна — д-р с.-х. наук, профессор кафедры технологии и организации лесного комплекса ФГБОУ ВО «Петрозаводский государственный университет», ogavril@mail.ru

Чэн Тун — аспирант кафедры лесоводства ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет имени С.М. Кирова», tongc9199@gmail.com

Семенова Екатерина Игоревна — аспирант кафедры лесоводства ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет имени С.М. Кирова», ekaterinasemyonova@bk.ru

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF FOREST PHYTOCOENOSIS FORMED ON ROCK PLANTS AFTER A FIRE

A.V. Gryazkin¹, O.I. Gavrilova², Tong Cheng¹, E.И. Semenova¹

¹Saint-Petersburg State Forestry University named after S.M. Kirov, 5, letter U, Institutsky lane, 194021, St. Petersburg,

²Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenin av., Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

lesovod@bk.ru

It has been established that, depending on the forest-forming species and growing conditions, the restoration of the forest ecosystem in the burnt area is extended for a long period. A feature of the formation of a full-fledged forest phytocenosis after the forest fire is the delayed accumulation of organic matter. This is also connected with the time-delayed development of all components of the forest. Under these conditions, 15 years after the fire, young trees with a predominance of pine and birch were formed on the site of the burnt pine forest. The undergrowth of aspen, spruce and gray alder is represented by single individuals. The total amount of undergrowth of natural origin reaches 4.5 thousand trees /ha. The undergrowth with a height of more than 2 m prevails. The undergrowth includes five types of shrub species such as mountain ash, willow, juniper, honeysuckle and juneberry. The total number of understory species is 350 trees/ha. More than 21 plant species have been identified as part of the living ground cover. The occurrence of lichens, heather, polytrichum juniperus, hairy ojica, willow-tea and meandering meadow grass is more than 50 %. Lichens, heather, lingonberry and polytrichum juniperus predominate in the protective coating. The composition of the herbage is polytrichum juniperus — 32 %, lichens — 23 %, heather — 22 %, lingonberries — 15 %, others — 8 %. The purpose of the research is to identify the features of the forest ecosystem regeneration after the forest fire after the burnt lichen pine. The object of research was a 15-year-old young forest after the forest fire in the territory of the Prionezhsky forestry of the Republic of Karelia.

Keywords: burned area, post-pyrogenic successions, forest components, young generation of trees, undergrowth, living ground cover

Suggested citation: Gryaz’kin A.V., Gavrilova O.I., Cheng Tong, Semenova E.A. Strukturnye osobennosti lesnykh fitotsenozov formiruyushchikhsya na skal’nikakh posle pozhara [Structural features of forest phytocoenosis formed on rock plants after a fire]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 18–25. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-18-25

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Authors’ information

Gryaz’kin Anatoliy Vasil’evich — Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University, lesovod@bk.ru

Gavrilova Ol’ga Ivanovna — Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Professor of the Department of Technology and Organization of the Forestry Complex of PetrSU, ogavril@mail.ru.

Cheng Tong — pg. of the Department of Forestry, St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after S.M. Kirov, tongc9199@gmail.com

Semenova Ekaterina Igorevna — pg. of the Department of Forestry, St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after S.M. Kirov, ekaterinasemyonova@bk.ru

3

ВОЗОБНОВЛЕНИЕ СОСНЫ ПИЦУНДСКОЙ (PINUS BRUTIA VAR. PITYUSA (STEVEN) SILBA) НА ЗАПОВЕДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ ГОРНОГО КРЫМА

26–35

УДК 502.75

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-26-35

Шифр ВАК 4.1.6

В.П. Коба¹, А.Н. Салтыков², Н.А. Макаров¹, О.О. Коренькова¹

¹ФГБУН «Ордена Трудового Красного знамени Никитский ботанический сад — Национальный научный центр РАН»,

Россия, 298648, Республика Крым, г. Ялта, пгт. Никита, Никитский с-к, д. 52

²ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского», Институт «Агротехнологическая академия»,

Россия, 295007, Республика Крым, г. Симферополь, просп. Академика Вернадского, д. 4

kobavp@mail.ru

Установлено, что подрост сосны пицундской (Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba) на территории горельников распределяется неравномерно, его плотность изменяется в пределах 2,9…8,2 тыс. шт./га., максимальная достигает 15 тыс. шт./га. Выделены ландшафтно-ценотические зоны динамики процессов возобновления коренных древостоев P. pityusa. Выявлено увеличение численности подроста вблизи групп и одиночных растений, которые не были ликвидированы при проведении санитарных рубок на горельниках. Возможность роста и развития подроста на данных участках определялась влиянием фитогенного поля уцелевших деревьев, обеспечивающих защиту молодых растений P. pityusa от действия негативных факторов внешней среды. Определено, что относительно равномерное снижение плотности подроста наблюдается при движении от стены материнского древостоя на расстояние, кратное 2–3 величинам его средней высоты. Представлено влияние временного разрыва в хронологии прохождения лесных пожаров на возрастную и пространственную структуру подроста P. pityusa. Общая оценка специфики возрастной структуры позволила установить, что активизация естественного возобновления и формирование ценопопуляций подроста P. pityusa происходят в течение 2–3 лет после пожара. Установлено, что антропогенное вмешательство в природные процессы возобновления коренных сообществ снижает возможности реализации биоценотических процессов поддержания целостности и восстановления лесного сообщества видами, способными к устойчивому существованию в сложившихся условиях. Показано сокращение биоценотического пространства доминирования P. pityusa определяющего формирование насаждений порослевого происхождения с преобладанием дуба пушистого (Quercus pubescens Willd.) n-генерации, что в значительной степени снижает продуктивность, устойчивость и биологическое разнообразие лесных сообществ ландшафтного заказника «Мыс Айя».

Ключевые слова: Pinus pityusa, древостои, возобновление, подрост, численность, горельники

Ссылка для цитирования: Коба В.П., Салтыков А.Н., Макаров Н.А., Коренькова О.О. Возобновление сосны пицундской (Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba) на заповедных территориях Горного Крыма // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 26–35. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-26-35

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Сведения об авторах

Коба Владимир Петрович — д-р биол. наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией лесоведения ФГБУН «Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Никитский ботанический сад — Национальный научный центр РАН», kobavp@mail.ru

Салтыков Андрей Николаевич — канд. с.-х. наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой лесного дела и садово-паркового строительства Института «Агротехнологическая академия» ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского», saltykov.andrey.1959@mail.ru

Макаров Никита Александрович — аспирант лаборатории лесоведения ФГБУН «Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Никитский ботанический сад — Национальный научный центр РАН», makarov.crimea@yandex.ru

Коренькова Олеся Олеговна — канд. биол. наук, науч. сотр. лаборатории лесоведения ФГБУН «Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Никитский ботанический сад — Национальный научный центр РАН», o.o.korenkova@mail.ru

RENEWAL OF PINUS BRUTIA VAR. PITYUSA (STEVEN) SILBA IN RESERVED TERRITORIES OF MOUNTAIN CRIMEA

V.P. Koba¹, A.N. Saltykov², N.A. Makarov¹, O.O. Korenkova¹

¹Nikita Botanical Gardens — National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 52, Nikitsky s-k, 298648,

Nikita village, Yalta, Republic of Crimea, Russia

²V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 4, Academician Vernadsky av., 295007, Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia

kobavp@mail.ru

It has been established that undergrowth of Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba is unevenly distributed on the territory of the burnt areas, its density varies within 2,9…8,2 thousand units/ha, the maximum reaches 15 thousand units/ha. The landscape-coenotic zones of the dynamics of the processes of renewal of native P. pityusa forest stands have been identified. An increase in the number of undergrowth near groups and single plants, which were not eliminated during sanitary felling on burnt areas, was revealed. The possibility of growth and development of undergrowth in these areas was determined by the influence of the phytogenic field of surviving trees, which protect young plants of P. pityusa from negative environmental factors. It was determined that a relatively uniform decrease in the density of undergrowth is observed when moving from the wall of the parent stand at a distance that is a multiple of 2–3 values of its average height. The effect of a time gap in the chronology of the passage of forest fires on the age and spatial structure of P. pityusa undergrowth is presented. A general assessment of the specifics of the age structure made it possible to establish that the activation of natural regeneration and the formation of coenopopulations of P. pityusa undergrowth occur within 2–3 years after the fire. It has been established that anthropogenic interference in the natural processes of renewal of indigenous communities reduces the possibility of implementing biocenotic processes of maintaining the integrity and restoration of the forest community by species capable of sustainable existence under the prevailing conditions. A reduction in the biocenotic space of P. pityusa dominance, which determines the formation of stands of coppice origin, with a predominance of Quercus pubescens Willd. n-generation, which significantly reduces the productivity, sustainability and biological diversity of forest communities of the Cape Aya landscape reserve.

Keywords: P. pityusa, stands, regeneration, undergrowth, abundance, burnt forests

Suggested citation: Koba V.P., Saltykov A.N., Makarov N.A., Korenkova O.O. Vozobnovlenie sosny pitzundskoi (Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba) na zapovednykh territoriyakh Gornogo Kryma [Renewal of Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba in reserved territories of Mountain Crimea]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 26–35. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-26-35

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[20] Lukina L.I., Tokhtamysh O.K., Mastepanova O.I. Protivopozharnoe obustroystvo lesov v Sevastopol’skom lesnichestve [Fire-fighting arrangement of forests in the Sevastopol forestry]. Ekologicheskaya, promyshlennaya i energeticheskaya bezopasnost’ [Ecological, industrial and energy safety], 2019, pp. 926–930.

[21] Ezhegodnyy doklad o sostoyanii i ob okhrane okruzhayushchey sredy goroda Sevastopolya za 2019 god [Annual report on the state and environmental protection of the city of Sevastopol for 2019]. Sevastopol, 2020, 316 p.

[22] Saltykov A.N. Sistemnaya tselostnost’ i skhodstvo prostranstvenno-vozrastnoy struktury podrosta sosny obyknovennoy i sosny krymskoy [System integrity and similarity of the space-age structure of the undergrowth of Scots pine and Crimean pine]. Byulleten’ Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo botanicheskogo sada [Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden], 2021, v. 141, pp. 44–54.

[23] Koba V.P. K probleme vosproizvodstva estestvennyh drevostoev Pinus pallasiana D. Don. [On the problem of reproduction of natural stands of Pinus pallasiana D. Don.]. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo botanicheskogo sada [Collection of scientific works of the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden], 2004, v. 123, pp. 178–86.

[24] Koba, V.P. Vozobnovlenie korennyh nasazhdenij Pinus pallasiana D. Don posle verhovyh pozharov na fone dinamiki abioticheskih faktorov v postpirogennyj period [Restoration of indigenous plantations of Pinus pallasiana D. Don after crown fires against the background of the dynamics of abiotic factors in the post-pyrogenic period] Rastitelnye resursy [Plant Resources], 2004. v. 40(2), pp. 19–30.

[25] Koba V.P., Zhigalova T.P. Vliyanie travoyadnykh zhivotnykh na vozobnovlenie sosny krymskoy v usloviyakh pustoshi gorel’nikov [Influence of herbivores on the renewal of the Crimean pine in the conditions of the barren wasteland]. Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional’nogo universiteta im. V.I. Vernadskogo. Seriya: Biologiya [Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional’nogo universiteta im. IN AND. Vernadsky. Series: Biology], 2012, v. 25 (64), no. 1, pp. 92–97.

Authors’ information

Koba Vladimir Petrovich — Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Forest Science of the FSBSI «Order of the Red Banner of Labor Nikitsky Botanical Garden — National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences», kobavp@mail.ru

Saltykov Andrey Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Forestry and Landscape Construction of the Institute «Agrotechnological Academy», V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, saltykov.andrey.1959@mail.ru

Makarov Nikita Aleksandrovich — pg. of the Laboratory of Forest science of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor Nikitsky Botanical Garden — National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, makarov.crimea@yandex.ru

Korenkova Olesya Olegovna — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Researcher of the Laboratory of Forest science of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor Nikitsky Botanical Garden — National Research Center of the RAS, o.o.korenkova@mail.ru

4

СЕМЕНОШЕНИЕ КЕДРА КОРЕЙСКОГО (PINUS KORAIENSIS SIEB. ET ZUCC.) ПРИ ЕГО ИНТРОДУКЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

36–47

УДК 630*161+630*232.43

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-36-47

Шифр ВАК 4.1.2

С.В. Левин

ФГБУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лесной генетики, селекции и биотехнологии», Россия, 394087, г. Воронеж, ул. Ломоносова, д. 105

leslesovik63@yandex.ru

Представлены материалы исследований интродукции кедра корейского в условиях лесостепи Воронежской области. Определено полное соответствие процессов его жизнедеятельности условиям интродукции. Установлено влияние фактора размещения деревьев на территории — свободного или в составе иных хвойных пород на семеношение. Выявлено увеличение урожайности деревьев при применении искусственного опыления к ним по сравнению с недоопыленными. Обращено внимание на момент формирования многовершинной кроны дерева путем образования на вершине центрального проводника «пустой» шишки. Указано на высокую перспективность выращивания породы в данных условиях с получением как лесоводственного, так и экономического эффекта. Дан прогноз урожайности культур кедра корейского при соблюдении определенных условий технологии. С их учетом при создании лесосеменного объекта кедра корейского с 1 га лесокультурной площади можно получать урожай с момента возраста прививки в 25 лет в количестве 123 кг орешков.

Ключевые слова: интродукция, кедры корейский (Pinus кoraiensis Sieb. еt Zucc.) и сибирский (Pinus sibirica du Tour.), привитые и не привитые деревья, шишки, семеношение, урожайность

Ссылка для цитирования: Левин С.В. Семеношение кедра корейского (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) при его интродукции в условиях лесостепи Воронежской области // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 36–47. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-36-47

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Сведения об авторе

Левин Сергей Валерьевич — канд. с.-х. наук, науч. сотр. отдела опытных испытаний ФГБУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лесной генетики, селекции и биотехнологии», leslesovik63@yandex. ru

KOREAN CEDAR (PINUS KORAIENSIS SIEB. ET ZUCC.) SEED PRODUCTION DURING ITS INTRODUCTION IN VORONEZH REGION FOREST-STEPPE

S.V. Levin

All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, 105, Lomonosov st., 394087, Voronezh, Russia

leslesovik63@yandex.ru

The paper presents the research materials of Korean cedar introduction in the forest-steppe conditions of Voronezh region. Full compliance of its vital processes with the conditions of introduction is determined. The influence of the factor of tree placement in the territory — free or as part of other conifers on seed production — has been established. The increase of trees yield was revealed when artificial pollination was applied to them in comparison with non-pollinated trees. Attention was drawn to the moment of formation of multi-top tree crowns by formation of «empty» cone at the top of the central conductor. The high perspectivity of the breed cultivation in these conditions with obtaining both silvicultural and economic effect is pointed out. The forecast of yield of Korean pine crops under certain conditions of technology is given. Taking them into account in the creation of Korean pine seed object from 1 hectare of cultivated area it is possible to obtain the yield from the moment of grafting age in 25 years in the amount of 123 kg of nuts.

Keywords: introduction, Korean cedars (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Siberian cedars (Pinus sibirica du Tour.), grafted and ungrafted trees, cones, seed production, productivity

Suggested citation: Levin S.V. Semenoshenie kedra koreyskogo (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) pri ego introduktsii v usloviyakh lesostepi Voronezhskoy oblasti [Korean cedar (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) seed production during its introduction in voronezh region forest-steppe ]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 36–47. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-36-47

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Author’s information

Levin Sergey Valer’evich — Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Researcher of the Experimental Testing Department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, leslesovik63@yandex.ru

5

ВЛИЯНИЕ КЛЕНА ЯСЕНЕЛИСТНОГО (ACER NEGUNDO L.) НА ЕСТЕСТВЕННОЕ ВОЗОБНОВЛЕНИЕ СОСНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ В БАРНАУЛЬСКОМ ЛЕНТОЧНОМ БОРУ

48–56

УДК 574.476

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-48-56

Шифр ВАК 4.1.6

А.А. Малиновских

ФГБОУ ВО «Алтайский государственный аграрный университет», Россия, 656049, Алтайский край, г. Барнаул, пр. Красноармейский, д. 98

almaa1976@yandex.ru

Рассмотрено влияние клена ясенелистного (Acer negundo L.) на естественное возобновление сосны обыкновенной в Барнаульском ленточном бору в разных типах лесорастительных условий. Установлено, что клен ясенелистный образует густой сомкнутый подлесок высотой до 10 м во влажных лесорастительных усло-виях (А3), а в свежих лесорастительных условиях (А2) встречается только единично. Определена сомкнутость: подлеска из клена в травяном бору — 0,8…1,0 ед., подлеска с преобладанием местных видов растений (рябины сибирской, ивы козьей) в травяном бору — не выше 0,5 ед., в свежем бору — не выше 0,2…0,4 ед. Установлено, что в травяном бору с подлеском из клена относительная освещенность составляет не более 7,9 %, тогда как в травяном и свежем бору с подлеском из местных видов 29,5…47,9 %. Определена густота подроста сосны в свежем бору с подлеском из местных видов — 7,5…17,5 тыс. шт./га, что больше в 3–7 раз, чем в травяном бору с подлеском из местных видов. Выявлена тесная положительная связь между относительной освещенностью под пологом леса и густотой подроста (r = 0,830), поэтому клен ясенелистный считается агрессивной нежелательной породой, лимитирующей освещенность — важнейший экологический фактор, что вызывает исчезновение подроста сосны под пологом леса.

Ключевые слова: ленточные боры, подрост, сосна обыкновенная, клен ясенелистный, освещенность, полог леса, подлесок

Ссылка для цитирования: Малиновских А.А. Влияние клена ясенелистного (Acer negundo L.) на естественное возобновление сосны обыкновенной в Барнаульском ленточном бору // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 48–56. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-48-56

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Сведения об авторе

Малиновских Алексей Анатольевич — канд. биол. наук, доцент кафедры лесного хозяйства, ФГБОУ ВО «Алтайский государственный аграрный университет», almaa1976@yandex.ru

INFLUENCE OF ASH-LEAVED MAPLE (ACER NEGUNDO L.) ON SCOTS PINE NATURAL RENEWAL IN BARNAUL RIBBON PINE FOREST

A.A. Malinovskikh

Altai State Agricultural University, 98, Krasnoarmeyskiy prospekt, 656049, Barnaul, Altai Region, Russia

almaa1976@yandex.ru

The influence of ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo L.) on the natural regeneration of scots pine in the Barnaul ribbon forest in different types of forest growing conditions is considered. It was found that the ash-leaved maple forms a dense, closed undergrowth up to 10 m high in moist forest-growing conditions (A3), whereas in fresh forest-growing conditions (A2) it was noted only once. The closeness of the undergrowth of maple in the grass forest is 0,8…1,0 units, while the undergrowth with a predominance of local plant species (Siberian mountain ash, goat willow) in the grass forest has a closeness of no more than 0,5 units, in the fresh forest no higher than 0,2…0,4 units. The undergrowth of maple strongly obscures the components of the forest located under it: living ground cover and undergrowth. The shading of the living ground cover leads to its significant transformation, with a change in the floral composition and structure. Shading of the undergrowth leads to a complete absence of seedlings, self-seeding and the actual undergrowth of the common pine, interrupting the process of natural renewal. Using the obtained values of illumination under the canopy of the forest, it was found that in a grassy forest with a maple understory, the relative illumination is no more than 7,9 %, whereas in a grassy and fresh forest with an undergrowth of local species, 29,5…47,9 %. The density of pine undergrowth in a fresh forest with undergrowth of local species is 7,5…17,5 thousand units/ha, which is 3–7 times more than in a grass forest with undergrowth of local species. There is a close positive relationship between the relative illumination under the forest canopy and the density of undergrowth (r = 0,830). Ash-leaved maple acts as an aggressive undesirable breed, which limits the most important environmental factor — illumination, leading to the disappearance of pine undergrowth under the canopy of the forest.

Keywords: ribbon forests, undergrowth, scots pine, ash-leaved maple, illumination, forest canopy, undergrowth

Suggested citation: Malinovskikh A.A. Vliyanie klena yasenelistnogo (Acer negundo L.) na estestvennoe vozobnovlenie sosny obyknovennoy v Barnaul’skom lentochnom boru [Influence of ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo L.) on scots pine natural renewal in Barnaul ribbon pine forest]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 48–56. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-48-56

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[22] Kumschick S., Gaertner M., Vila M., Essl F. Ecological impacts of alien species: quantification, scope, caveats and recommendations. BioScience, 2015, v. 65, no. 1, pp. 55–63.

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Author’s information

Malinovskikh Aleksey Anatol’evich — Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associated Professor of the Altai State Agricultural University, almaa1976@yandex.ru

ЛЕСОИНЖЕНЕРНОЕ ДЕЛО

6

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЙ ПРОВЕРКИ РУБИТЕЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РБ-55

57–68

УДК 621.934/.936

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-57-68

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

С.Ю. Булатов¹, В.Н. Нечаев¹, А.Г. Сергеев²

¹ГБОУ ВО «Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет» (НГИЭУ), Россия, 606340,

Нижегородская обл., г. Княгинино, ул. Октябрьская, д. 22а

²ООО «Доза-Агро», Россия, 603124, г. Нижний Новгород, ул. ш. Жиркомбината, д. 20

bulatov_sergey_urevich@mail.ru

Представлено подробное описание конструкции и принципа работы рубительного комплекса РБ-55, разработанного нижегородской фирмой и предназначенного для измельчения древесных материалов. Получены прогнозные зависимости в виде полиномы третьей степени для расчета потребляемой мощности измельчения, спрогнозирована максимальная пропускная способность рубительного комплекса при измельчении горбыля сосны влажностью 23…30 % — 9 м3/ч. Установлены максимальная пропускная способность комплекса РБ-55 при измельчении круглого лесоматериала (ель) влажностью 47,8 % — 23 м3/ч, и суммарная потребляемая мощность электродвигателей — 68,23 кВт. Установлено, что получаемая щепа соответствует марке ПС, предназначенной для изготовления древесно-стружечных плит.

Ключевые слова: измельчение, качество измельчения, пропускная способность, рубительный комплекс, энергозатраты

Ссылка для цитирования: Булатов С.Ю., Нечаев В.Н., Сергеев А.Г. Результаты производственной проверки рубительного комплекса РБ-55 // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 57–68. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-57-68

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[14] Spinelli R., Marchi E. Trends and perspectives in the desing of mobile wood chippers // Croat. J. for. Eng., 2021, v. 42(1). DOI:10.5552/crojfe.2021.787

[15] Spinelli R., Hartsough B. A survey of Italian chipping operations // Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001, v. 21(6), pp. 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(01)00050-2

[16] Spinelli R., Visser R.J.M. Analyzing and estimating delays in wood chipping operations // Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009, v. 33(3), pp. 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.003

[17] Gard Timmerfors J. Sjölund T., Jönsson L.J. New drum-chipping technology for a more uniform size distribution of wood chips // Holzforschung, 2020, v. 74(2), pp. 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0279

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[20] Spinelli R., Magagnotti N. A tool for productivity and cost forecasting of decentralised wood chipping // Forest Policy and Economics, 2010, v. 12(3), pp. 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.10.002

[21] Spinelli R., Magagnotti N. The effect of raw material, cut length, and chip discharge on the performance of an industrial chipper // Forest Products J., 2013, v. 62(7–8), pp. 58–589. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-12-00083.1

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Сведения об авторах

Булатов Сергей Юрьевич — д-р. техн. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры технического сервиса ГБОУ ВО «Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет» (НГИЭУ), bulatov_sergey_urevich@mail.ru

Нечаев Владимир Николаевич — канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры технических и биологических систем ГБОУ ВО «Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет» (НГИЭУ), nechaev-v@list.ru

Сергеев Александр Георгиевич — канд. техн. наук, генеральный директор ООО «Доза-Агро», office@dozaagro.ru

RESULTS OF RB-55 CHOPPING COMPLEX PRODUCTION INSPECTION

S.Y. Bulatov¹, V.N. Nechaev¹, A.G. Sergeev²

¹Nizhny Novgorod State University of Engineering and Economics (GBOU VO «NGIEU»), 22a, Oktyabrskaya st.,606340, Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod reg., Russia

²LLC «Dose-Agro», 20, Zhirkombinata highway st., 603124, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

bulatov_sergey_urevich@mail.ru

A detailed description of the design and principle of the RB-55 chopping complex operation, developed at a Nizhny Novgorod company and designed for grinding wood materials, is presented. Predictive dependences in the form of a third-degree polynomial for calculating the grinding power consumption are obtained, the maximum throughput of the chopping complex is predicted when chopping pine slabwood with a humidity of 23...30 % — 9 m3/h. The maximum throughput capacity of the RB-55set for grinding round wood (spruce) with a humidity of 47,8% is 23 m3/h, and the total power consumption of electric motors is 68,23 kW. It is established that the resulting chips correspond to the brand of PS intended for the chipboard manufacture.

Keywords: grinding, grinding quality, throughput, chopping complex, energy consumption

Suggested citation: Bulatov S.Y., Nechaev V.N., Sergeev A.G. Rezul’taty proizvodstvennoy proverki rubitel’nogo kompleksa RB-55 [Results of RB-55 chopping complex production inspection]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 57–68. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-57-68

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[17] Gard Timmerfors J. Sjölund T., Jönsson L.J. New drum-chipping technology for a more uniform size distribution of wood chips. Holzforschung, 2020, v. 74(2), pp. 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0279

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[21] Spinelli R., Magagnotti N. The effect of raw material, cut length, and chip discharge on the performance of an industrial chipper. Forest Products J., 2013, v. 62(7–8), pp. 58–589. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-12-00083.1

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Authors’ information

Bulatov Sergey Yur’evich — Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Technical Service of the Nizhny Novgorod State University of Engineering and Economics, bulatov_sergey_urevich@mail.ru

Nechaev Vladimir Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Associate Professor of the Department of Technical and Biological Systems of the Nizhny Novgorod State University of Engineering and Economics, nechaev-v@list.ru

Sergeev Aleksandr Georgievich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), General Director of Doza-Agro LLC, office@dozaagro.ru

7

ИМИТАЦИОННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ЗАГОТОВКИ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛЕСНОГО ХАРВЕСТЕРА

69–80

УДК 004.94: 630.3

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-69-80

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

К.П. Рукомойников, Т.В. Сергеева, Т.А. Гилязова, Е.М. Царев, П.Н. Анисимов

ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», Институт леса и природопользования, Россия, 424000, Республика Марий Эл, г. Йошкар-Ола, пл. Ленина, д. 3

rukomojnikovkp@volgatech.net

Целью работы было создание компьютерной модели, позволяющей воспроизвести технологический процесс лесозаготовки с учетом огромного количества всевозможных условий, способных повлиять на конечный результат работы предприятия, получить данные, необходимые для принятия эффективных управленческих и организационных решений по нормированию труда и подготовке нормативной документации. Для этого с помощью метода агентного моделирования в программе AnyLogic была создана имитационная модель производственного процесса. Функционирование предложенной модели осуществляется на основе значимых статистических данных о наиболее важных характеристиках отдельных элементов производственного процесса. В статье приведена демонстрация возможностей моделирования технологических схем работы на лесосеке на этапе проектирования технологической карты без необходимости реальной рубки лесных насаждений. Представлена диаграмма состояний работы харвестера, заложенная в созданную авторами имитационную модель, позволяющая исследователю провести пошаговый анализ работы лесозаготовительной машины. Показана информационно логическая детализация всех блоков диаграммы состояний работы харвестера, позволяющая понять принцип анализа при расчистке площадки для новой рабочей позиции, анализа доступности деревьев на пасеках, обработки стволов деревьев с учетом всех перемещений и организационно-технических простоев в процессе освоения лесосек. Представлена графическая демонстрация выбора деревьев доступных для валки, а также анализа ситуации для перемещения на новую рабочую позицию харвестера. Изложена последовательность ввода данных в модель и принципы фиксации полученных на основе моделирования научных результатов. Созданная имитационная модель позволит лесопользователям осуществлять: сравнение вариантов технологических схем движения харвестера по лесосеке с выбором наилучших организационных и управленческих решений; создание нормативов трудозатрат и нормативов выработки при разработке лесосек в любых природно-производственных условиях для любой модели используемого харвестера в зависимости от вида рубок и породно-качественных характеристик вырубаемых деревьев.

Ключевые слова: имитационное моделирование, программное обеспечение, лесозаготовка, лесосека, технологическая карта

Ссылка для цитирования: Рукомойников К.П., Сергеева Т.В., Гилязова Т.А., Царев Е.М., Анисимов П.Н. Имитационное моделирование технологического процесса заготовки древесины на примере лесного харвестера // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 69–80. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-69-80

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[9] Gerasimov Y.Y., Sokolov A.P., Karjalainen T. GIS-based decision-support program for planning and analyzing short-wood transport in Russia // Croatian J. of Forest Engineering, 2008, v. 29, iss. 2, pp. 163–175.

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Сведения об авторах

Рукомойников Константин Павлович — д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры лесопромышленных и химических технологий Института леса и природопользования ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», rukomojnikovkp@volgatech.net

Сергеева Татьяна Владиславовна — аспирант Института леса и природопользования ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», sergeeva2010t@mail.ru

Гилязова Татьяна Аркадьевна — аспирант Института леса и природопользования ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», tat-gilyazova@yandex.ru

Царев Евгений Михайлович — д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры лесопромышленных и химических технологий Института леса и природопользования ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», CarevEM@volgatech.net

Анисимов Павел Николаевич — канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры энергообеспечения предприятий ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный технологический университет», AnisimovPN@volgatech.net

MODELING OPERATION OF FOREST HARVESTER IN ANYLOGIC SIMULATION SYSTEM

K.P. Rukomoynikov, T.V. Sergeeva, T.A. Gilyazova, E.M. Tsarev, P.N. Anisimov

Volga State University of Technology, 3, Lenin Square, 424000, Yoshkar-Ola, Republic of Mari El, Russia

rukomojnikovkp@volgatech.net

The purpose of the work is to create a computer model that allows to reproduce the technological process of logging, taking into account a huge number of various conditions that can affect the final result of the enterprise, to obtain the data necessary for making effective managerial and organizational decisions on labor standardization and the preparation of regulatory documentation. To do this, using the agent-based modeling method, a simulation model of the production process was created in the AnyLogic program. The functioning of the proposed model is carried out on the basis of significant statistical data on the most important characteristics of individual elements of the production process. The article demonstrates the possibilities of modeling technological schemes of work at the cutting site at the design stage of the technological map without the need for real felling of forest plantations. The diagram of the conditions of the harvester’s work is presented, embedded in the simulation model created by the authors, which allows the researcher to conduct a step-by-step analysis of the work of the logging machine. An information-logical detailing of all blocks of the harvester work state diagram is shown, which allows understanding the principle of analysis when clearing the site for a new working position, analyzing the availability of trees in apiaries, processing of tree trunks, taking into account all movements and organizational and technical downtime in the process of developing forest cuttings. The reader is presented with a graphical demonstration of the choice of trees available for felling, as well as an analysis of the situation for moving to a new working position of the harvester. The sequence of data entry into the model and the principles of fixing the scientific results obtained on the basis of modeling are outlined. The created simulation model will allow forest users to compare the options for the technological schemes of the harvester's movement along the forest cutting with the choice of the best organizational and management solutions; creation of labor standards and production standards for the development of forest cuttings in any natural and production conditions for any model of the harvester used, depending on the type of felling and the species and quality characteristics of the felled trees.

Keywords: simulation, software, logging, felling area, chart

Suggested citation: Rukomoynikov K.P., Sergeeva T.V., Gilyazova T.A., Tsarev E.M., Anisimov P.N. Imitatsionnoe modelirovanie tekhnologicheskogo protsessa zagotovki drevesiny na primere lesnogo kharvestera [Modeling operation of forest harvester in AnyLogic simulation system]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 69–80. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-69-80

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Authors’ information

Rukomoynikov Konstantin Pavlovich — Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Professor of the Department of Forestry and chemical technologies of the Institute of forest and nature management, Volga State University of Technology, rukomojnikovkp@volgatech.net

Sergeeva Tat’yana Vladislavovna — pg., Volga State University of Technology, sergeeva2010t@mail.ru

Gilyazova Tat’yana Arkad’evna — pg., Volga State University of Technology, tat-gilyazova@yandex.ru

Tsarev Evgeniy Mikhaylovich — Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Professor of the Department of Forestry and chemical technologies of the Institute of forest and nature management, Volga State University of Technology, CarevEM@volgatech.net

Anisimov Pavel Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Associate Professor of the Department of Energy Supply of Enterprises, Volga State University of Technology, AnisimovPN@volgatech.net

8

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ОЧИСТКИ ЛЕСА С ПОМОЩЬЮ МНОГООПЕРАЦИОННОЙ МАШИНЫ

81–90

УДК 630.3

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-81-90

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

С.П. Карпачев, М.А. Быковский

ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет)», Мытищинский филиал, Россия, 141005, Московская обл., г. Мытищи, ул. 1-я Институтская, д. 1

karpachevs@mail.ru

Представлена концептуальная модель лесной многооперационной машины для уборки захламленности, вызванной естественным отпадом деревьев. Рассмотрен технологический процесс санитарной очистки леса, минимизирующий ручной труд с помощью машины и лебедки, в том числе технология уборки отпада с переработкой его на дрова в лесу. Приведено два варианта работы многооперационной машиной совместно с лебедкой: последовательная, когда машина перерабатывает древесину отпада по мере поступления ее от лебедки и параллельная, когда лебедка и машина работают независимо друг от друга. Установлено, что производительность на уборке захламленности при параллельной работе машины и лебедки выше на 7…14 %, чем при их последовательной работе. Выявлено, что производительность многооперационной машины при параллельной работе машины и лебедки возрастает на 53…55 %. Определено, что загрузка машины, при совместной работе с лебедкой, составляет менее 50 % рабочего времени. Рекомендована совместная работа лебедки и машины при близких производительностях, в случае если производительность лебедки сильно отличается от производительности машины, то они должны работать раздельно.

Ключевые слова: естественный отпад в лесу, лесная многооперационная машина, лебедка, дрова, имитационное моделирование, математическая модель

Ссылка для цитирования: Карпачев С.П., Быковский М.А. Моделирование технологии очистки леса с помощью многооперационной машины // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 81–90. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-81-90

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Сведения об авторах

Карпачев Сергей Петрович — д-р техн. наук, профессор МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), karpachevs@mail.ru

Быковский Максим Анатольевич — канд. техн. наук, профессор МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), bykovskiy@mgul.ac.ru

MODELLING FOREST CLEARING TECHNOLOGY WITH MULTI-OPERATOR MACHINE

S.P. Karpachev, M.A. Bykovskiy

BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), 1, 1st Institutskaya st., 141005, Mytishchi, Moscow reg., Russia

karpachevs@mail.ru

A conceptual model of a forest multi-operator machine for clearing debris caused by tree mortality is presented. A technological process of sanitary forest clearing that minimizes manual labour with the help of a machine and a winch is considered, including the technology of litter removal with its processing into firewood in the forest. Two variants of multi-operating machine's work with a winch are given: sequential, when the machine processes the wood from the fell as it is received from the winch, and parallel, when the winch and machine work independently of each other. It is established that the productivity at debris removal at parallel operation of the machine and winch is higher by 7...14 % than at their consecutive operation. It is revealed that the productivity of a multi-operator machine when the machine and a winch work in parallel increases by 53...55 %. It is determined that the load of the machine, when working together with a winch, is less than 50 % of working time. It is recommended that the winch and the machine work together at close capacities, if the winch capacity is very different from the machine capacity, then they should work separately.

Keywords: dead and fallen trees fall away, forest multi-operation machine, winch, firewood, simulation modeling, mathematical model

Suggested citation: Karpachev S.P., Bykovskiy M.A. Modelirovanie tekhnologii ochistki lesa s pomoshch’yu mnogooperatsionnoy mashiny [Modelling forest clearing technology with multi-operator machine]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 81–90. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-81-90

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Authors’ information

Karpachev Sergey Petrovich — Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Professor of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), karpachevs@mail.ru

Bykovskiy Maksim Anatol’evich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Professor of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), bykovskiy@mgul.ac.ru

ДЕРЕВООБРАБОТКА И ХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ДРЕВЕСИНЫ

9

ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ НЕЛИНЕЙНАЯ ХИМИЯ САМООРГАНИЗУЮЩИХСЯ МЕЗОФАЗНЫХ (ЖИДКОКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ) СТРУКТУР ДРЕВЕСИНЫ: ОТ МОРФОГЕНЕЗА ДО РЕГУЛЯЦИИ УГЛЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (ОБЗОР)

91–127

УДК 544.25 + 532.783 + 553.9 + 547.458.8 + 661.728 + 662.66 + 665.7.032.53 + 676.022.62 + 676.16

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-91-127

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

О.В. Градов

ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр химической физики им. Н.Н. Семенова РАН (ФИЦ ХФ РАН), Россия, 119334, г. Москва, ул. Косыгина, д. 4

o.v.gradov@gmail.com

Реконструирована последовательность превращений мезофазных (жидкокристаллических) компонентов древесины от нативного состояния до процессов образования торфа и угля. Рассмотрены отличные по клеточной локализации фитохимические источники мезофаз (от лигнина и таких полисахаридов, как целлюлоза, до липидов). Перечислены критерии, по которым можно обнаружить близость процессов формообразования мезофаз на основе растительного сырья в ходе углеобразования и самоорганизации в данных системах, в том числе с учетом тепловой накачки. Указано значение мембранных и мембраномиметических интерфейсов в регуляции исследуемого комплекса процессов. Рассмотрена применимость геохимических, биогеохимических редокс-критериев и соответствующих им факторов регуляции (аэробные, субаэральные, аэробные режимы) в анализе диагенеза мезофаз. Констатировано, что, в силу специфической регуляции (обратных связей), указанные факторы могут привести к пространственной гетерогенности при углеобразовании, «аутокаталитическим» эффектам и возникновению редокс-колебаний, сопровождающихся локализованной сменой свойств мезофаз — от поддерживающих возгорание до практически «антипиренных». Базируясь на наличии зависимостей свойств соответствующих продуктов от процессов их получения и формообразования, а также (гео)химического их окружения (что свойственно супрамолекулярной и коллоидной химии), можно аннотировать супрамолекулярный и коллоидно-химический подходы к интерпретации ряда феноменов и механизмов формирования ископаемых биогенных мезофаз, что требует рассмотрения в отдельном обзоре.

Ключевые слова: мезофазные (жидкокристаллические) компоненты древесины; коксообразование; углеобразование; фитохимические мезофазные прекурсоры; самоорганизация; мембраномиметики; биогенные мезофазные структуры; геохимические аспекты преобразования мезофаз

Ссылка для цитирования: Градов О.В. Эволюционная нелинейная химия самоорганизующихся мезофазных (жидкокристаллических) структур древесины: от морфогенеза до регуляции углеобразования (oбзор) // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 91–127. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-91-127

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Сведения об авторе

Градов Олег Валерьевич — ст. науч. сотр., ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр химической физики им. Н.Н. Семенова РАН (ФИЦ ХФ РАН), o.v.gradov@gmail.com

EVOLUTIONARY NONLINEAR CHEMISTRY OF SELF-ORGANIZING MESOPHASE (LIQUID CRYSTAL) STRUCTURES OF WOOD: FROM MORPHOGENESIS TO REGULATION OF CARBON FORMATION (REVIEW)

O.V. Gradov

N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics (FRC CP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, CHEMBIO Department, 4, Kosygina st. 119991, Moscow, Russia

o.v.gradov@gmail.com

This work reconstructs the transformation stages of the mesophase (liquid crystal) wood components from their native state to the processes of coke and coal formation. The phytochemical precursors of mesophases (from lignin and polysaccharides, such as cellulose, to lipids) differing in their cell localization are considered separately. Several criteria are listed by which the similarity between the processes of mesophase formation based on the plant raw materials during carbon formation and self-organization in such systems (including the processes proceeding under the thermal pumping) is observed. The role of membrane and membrane-mimetic interfaces in regulation of the above processes is indicated. The applicability of biogeochemical redox criteria (anaerobic, subaerial, aerobic modes) in the analysis of mesophase diagenesis is considered. It is postulated that, due to the specific regulation/feedback, the above factors can lead to the spatial heterogeneity during coal formation, «autocatalytic» effects and the emergence of redox oscillations, accompanied by the localized changes in the properties of mesophases - from those supporting combustion to practically fire retardant. Based on the dependence of the main properties of the corresponding products on the processes of their production and / or formation, as well as their (geo) chemical environment (which is characteristic of supramolecular and colloidal chemistry), it is possible to formulate supramolecular and colloidal chemical approaches to the interpretation of a number of phenomena and mechanisms of the biogenic fossil mesophase formation, which requires consideration in a separate review paper.

Keywords: mesophase (liquid crystal) wood components; coke formation; coke formation; phytochemical precursors of mesophases; self-organization; membrane-mimetic interfaces; biogenic mesophase structure; geochemical role of mesophases

Suggested citation: Gradov O.V. Evolyutsionnaya nelineynaya khimiya samoorganizuyushchikhsya mezofaznykh (zhidkokristallicheskikh) struktur drevesiny: ot morfogeneza do regulyatsii ugleobrazovaniya (obzor) [Evolutionary nonlinear chemistry of self-organizing mesophase (liquid crystal) structures of wood: from morphogenesis to regulation of carbon formation (review)]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 91–127. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-91-127

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Author’s information

Gradov Oleg Valer’evich — Senior Researcher of the Department of Dynamics of Chemical and Biological Processes of FRC CP RAS, o.v.gradov@gmail.com

10

ДРЕВЕСИНА КАК ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ СЫРЬЕ. ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ. V. ДРЕВЕСНАЯ ЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗА КАК ПРИРОДНОЕ ПОЛИМЕРНОЕ СЫРЬЕ. ЧАСТЬ I

128–142

УДК 676.16: 630.86

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-128-142

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

Г.Н. Кононов, А.Н. Веревкин, Ю.В. Сердюкова, Д.Д. Хвалько

ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет)», Мытищинский филиал, Россия, 141005, Московская обл., г. Мытищи, ул. 1-я Институтская, д. 1

verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

Рассмотрены вопросы истории развития химической переработки облагороженных технических древесных целлюлоз в целях получения на их основе аддитивных соединений, сложных и простых эфиров. Подробно изложена историческая трансформация технологий получения растительного пергамента, фибры, медно-аммиачного волокна, синтеза нитратов, ксантогенатов и ацетатов целлюлозы, а также методов переработки этих производных в целевые продукты и материалы. Приведено историческое описание получения и перспективы применения простых эфиров целлюлозы и модификации гидратцеллюлозных волокон. Настоящая статья является пятой в цикле «Древесина как химическое сырье. История и современность»; предыдущие части опубликованы в журнале «Лесной вестник» / Forestry Bulleten (2020, т. 24 № 1, № 5; 2021, т. 25 № 3; 2022, т. 26 № 1).

Ключевые слова: аддитивные соединения, нитраты целлюлозы, ксантогенаты целлюлозы, ацетаты целлюлозы, простые эфиры целлюлозы, привитые сополимеры

Ссылка для цитирования: Кононов Г.Н., Веревкин А.Н., Сердюкова Ю.В., Хвалько Д.Д. Древесина как химическое сырье. История и современность. V. Древесная целлюлоза как природное полимерное сырье. Часть I // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 128–142. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-128-142

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[27] Luginina A.A., Kuznetsov S.V., Alexandrov A.A., Gainutdinov R.V., Petukhov D.I., Voronov V.V., Chernova E.V., Fedorov P.P. High lignin content cellulose nanofibrils obtained from thermomechanical pulp // Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2022. Т. 13. № 6. С. 698–708.

Сведения об авторах

Кононов Георгий Николаевич — канд. техн. наук, доцент МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), академик РАЕН, уч. секретарь секции «Химия и химическая технология древесины» РХО им. Д.И. Менделеева, kononov@mgul.ac.ru

Веревкин Алексей Николаевич — канд. техн. наук, доцент МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

Сердюкова Юлия Владимировна — ст. преподаватель МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), caf-htdip@mgul.ac.ru

Хвалько Даниил Денисович — студент МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

WOOD AS CHEMICAL RAW MATERIAL. HISTORY AND MODERNITY V. WOOD PULP AS NATURAL POLYMER RAW MATERIAL. PART I

G.N. Kononov, A.N. Verevkin, Yu.V. Serdyukova. D.D. Khvalko

BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), 1, 1st Institutskaya st., 141005, Mytishchi, Moscow reg., Russia

verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

The history of chemical processing development of the improved technical wood cellulose for the receiving of the additive derivatives, complex and simple ethers on their basis are considered. The historical transformation of technologies for the production of plant parchment, fiber, copper-ammonia fiber, synthesis of cellulose nitrates, xanthogenates and acetates, as well as methods for processing these derivatives into target products and materials is described in detail. The historical description of the preparation and prospects for the use of cellulose esters and modification of cellulose fiber hydrate is given. This article is the fifth in the cycle «Wood as a chemical raw material. History and modernity»; the previous parts were published in the journal Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin (2020, v. 24, no 1, № 5; 2021, v. 25 no. 3; 2022, v. 26 no. 1).

Keywords: additive compounds, cellulose nitrates, cellulose xanthogenates, cellulose acetates, cellulose esters, grafted copolymers

Suggested citation: Kononov G.N., Verevkin A.N., Serdyukova Yu.V., Khval’ko D.D. Drevesina kak khimicheskoe syr’e. Istoriya i sovremennost’. V. Drevesnaya tsellyuloza kak prirodnoe polimernoe syr’e. Chast’ I [Wood as chemical raw material. History and modernity. V. Wood pulp as natural polymer raw material. Part I]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 128–142. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-128-142

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[22] Stepina I.V., Sodomon M., Kononov G.N., Petukhov V.A. Komponentnyy sostav modifitsirovannogo rastitel’nogo syr’ya [Component composition of modified plant raw materials]. Inzhenernyy vestnik Dona [Engineering Bulletin of the Don], 2022, no. 9 (93), pp. 223–231.

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[25] Nikitina Z.K., Gordonova I.K. Izuchenie tsellyulaznoy aktivnosti kollektsionnykh shtammov mitselial’nykh gribov [Study of the cellulase activity of collection strains of filamentous fungi]. Voprosy biologicheskoy, meditsinskoy i farmatsevticheskoy khimii [Questions of Biological, Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry], 2022, v. 25, no. 11, pp. 29–35.

[26] Mines K. Benziltsellyuloza i drugie prostye i slozhnye efiry tsellyulozy [Benzylcellulose and other simple and complex cellulose esters]. Moscow: Goslestehizdat, 1936, 117 p.

[27] Luginina A.A., Kuznetsov S.V., Alexandrov A.A., Gainutdinov R.V., Petukhov D.I., Voronov V.V., Chernova E.V., Fedorov P.P. High lignin content cellulose nanofibrils obtained from thermomechanical pulp. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2022. Т. 13. № 6. С. 698–708.

Authors’ information

Kononov Georgiy Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Associate Professor of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, the Scientific Secretary of section «Chemistry and engineering chemistry of wood» RHO of D.I. Mendeleyev, kononov@mgul.ac.ru

Verevkin Aleksey Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Associate Professor of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

Serdyukova Yulia Vladimirovna — Senior Lecturer of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch),

caf-htdip@mgul.ac.ru

Khvalko Daniil Denisovich — Student of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), verevkin@mgul.ac.ru

11

ИМПУЛЬСНАЯ СУШКА ЗАГОТОВОК ИЗ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ ИРОКО, МЕРБАУ И ВЕНГЕ В КОНВЕКТИВНОЙ СУШИЛЬНОЙ КАМЕРЕ

143–149

УДК 674.037.4

DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-143-149

Шифр ВАК 4.3.4

Д.И. Деянов¹, А.А. Косарин², С.А. Моисеев³, Г.Н. Курышов

¹ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследова- тельский университет), Мытищинский филиал, Россия, 141005, Московская обл., г. Мытищи, ул. 1-я Институтская, д. 1

²ООО «Форсклад», Россия, 121359, г. Москва, ул. Партизанская, д. 40

³АО «Волга», Россия, 606407, Нижегородская обл., г. Балахна, ул. Горького, д. 1

d.dejanov@yandex.ru

Приведен обзор литературных источников по физико-механическим свойствам древесины ироко, мербау и венге. Указаны места произрастания данных пород. Изложено описание разновидности свойств рассматриваемых пород в зависимости от ареала распространения. Представлен обзор литературных источников по режимам и параметрам сушки заготовок из древесины ироко, мербау и венге. Рассмотрены режимы сушки заготовок из древесины ироко, мербау и венге параметры которых зависят от текущей влажности древесины, и принципы построения импульсных режимов сушки. Определены режимы импульсной сушки заготовок из древесины ироко толщиной 25 мм, мербау — толщиной 25 мм и венге — толщиной 45 мм. Показано, что использование импульсных режимов сушки заготовок позволяет сократить потребление электроэнергии и повысить качество продукции.

Ключевые слова: заготовки из древесины ироко, мербау и венге, импульсный режим, режимы сушки, показатели качества

Ссылка для цитирования: Деянов Д.И., Косарин А.А., Моисеев С.А., Курышов Г.Н. Импульсная сушка заготовок из древесины ироко, мербау и венге в конвективной сушильной камере // Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin, 2023. Т. 27. № 3. С. 143–149. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-143-149

Список литературы

[1] Древесные породы мира. Т. 1. М.: Лесная пром-сть, 1982. 328 с.

[2] Энциклопедия древесных пород. Справочник сортов древесины. М.: Кладезь-букс, 2008. 192 с.

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[4] Курышов Г.Н., Косарин А.А. Импульсная сушки заготовок из древесины махагони и мербау // Науч. труды МГУЛ. Вып. 349. М.: МГУЛ, 2010. С. 46–48.

[5] Фабрика «Мебель и интерьеры», Мербау. 2006–2022. URL: https://www.mebelib.ru/wood-tree/merbau/ (дата обращения 25.09.2022)

[6] Фабрика «Мебель и интерьеры», Венге. 2006–2022. URL: https://www.mebelib.ru/wood-tree/wenge/ (дата обращения 25.09.2022)

[7] Косарин А.А., Курышов Г.Н. Импульсные режимы сушки для заготовок из древесины ироко // Науч. труды МГУЛ. Вып. 353. М.: МГУЛ, 2011. С. 27–28.

[8] WOODSTOCK. Эксперт по дереву. Пиломатериалы Ироко // 2006–2022 WoodStock — Шпон и пиломатериалы ценных пород. URL: https://www.woodstock.su/products/iroko_iroko_p/ (дата обращения 25.09.2022).

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[23] Курышов Г.Н., Косарин А.А. Импульсная сушка заготовок из древесины махагони и мербау // Науч. труды МГУЛ. Вып. 349. М.: МГУЛ, 2010. С. 46–48.

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Сведения об авторах

Деянов Дмитрий Игоревич — аспирант ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет), Мытищинский филиал, d.dejanov@yandex.ru

Косарин Анатолий Александрович — канд. техн. наук, доцент, заместитель директора ООО «Форсклад», Kosarin2008@yandex.ru

Моисеев Сергей Андреевич — магистрант МГТУ им Н.Э. Баумана (Мытищинский филиал), сотрудник АО «Волга», rf-baf2@mail.ru

Курышов Григорий Николаевич — канд. техн. наук, доцент

IMPULSE DRYING OF AFRICAN TEAK, MERBAU AND WENGE WOOD BLANKS IN A CONVECTION DRYING CHAMBER

D.I. Deyanov¹, A.A. Kosarin², S.A. Moiseev³, G.N. Kuryshov

¹BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), 1, 1st Institutskaya st., 141005, Mytishchi, Moscow reg., Russia

²OOO «Forcklad», 40, Partizanskaya st., 121359, Moscow, Russia

³Volga JSC, 1, Gorky st., 606407, Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod reg., Russia

d.dejanov@yandex.ru

A review of literature sources on the physical and mechanical properties of iroko, merbau and wenge wood is given. The places of growth of these breeds are indicated. The description of the varieties of properties of the rocks under consideration, depending on the distribution area, is presented. A review of literature sources on the modes and parameters of drying of iroko, merbau and wenge wood blanks is presented. The drying modes of iroko, merbau and wenge wood blanks are considered, the parameters of which depend on the current moisture content of the wood and the principles of constructing pulse drying modes. The modes of pulse drying of iroko wood blanks with a thickness of 25 mm, merbau with a thickness of 25 mm and wenge with a thickness of 45 mm are determined. It is shown that the use of pulsed drying modes of workpieces can reduce electricity consumption and improve product quality.

Keywords: iroko, merbau and wenge wood blanks, impulse drying, drying mode, quality indicators

Suggested citation: Deyanov D.I., Kosarin A.A., Moiseev S.A., Kuryshov G.N. Impul’snaya sushka zagotovok iz drevesiny iroko, merbau i venge v konvektivnoy sushil’noy kamere [Impulse drying of african teak, merbau and wenge wood blanks in a convection drying chamber]. Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 143–149. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-3-143-149

References

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[2] Entsiklopediya drevesnykh porod. Spravochnik sortov drevesiny [Encyclopedia of Wood Species. Directory of Wood Varieties.]. Moscow: Kladez’-buks [Kladez-Books], 2008, 192 p.

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[5] Fabrika «Mebel’ i inter’yery», Merbau [Factory «Furniture and Interiors», Merbau] 2006–2022.

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Authors’ information

Deyanov Dmitriy Igorevich — pg. of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), d.dejanov@yandex.ru

Kosarin Anatoliy Aleksandrovich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Deputy Director of the LTD «Forcklad», kosarin2008@yandex.ru

Moiseev Sergey Andreevich — Master graduand of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), employee of Volga JSC, rf-baf2@mail.ru

Kuryshov Grigoriy Nikolaevich — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), kuryshov@mgul.ac.ru